Lesson 45 :Relative verbs and object participles formation. Listening: Turkey's geography- Türkiye'nin çografya

Thıs lesson will focus on the RELATIVE VERBS and the OBJECT PARTICIPLES formation in Turkish.


This also is going to be a lesson a little bit longer than normal so please be patient and follow it carefully!!


In the conversation the speaker describes Turkey's geography and climate.
You will familiarize with geografical terms, nation's names and will also have the chance to review the topics studied so far.

" Bu, Türkiye haritasıdır. Türkiye üç tarafı denizlerle çevrilmiş bir yarımadadır. Kuzey'de Karadeniz, Batı'da Ege Denizi ve Güney'de Akdeniz vardır.
Türkiye Asya ve Avrupa kıtaları üzerinde kurulmuştur. Asya üzerindeki kısım Anadolu, Avrupa üzerindeki kısım ise Trakya'dır. Anadolu ile Trakya,yani Asya ile Avrupa birbirlerinden İstanbul ve Çanakkale Boğazları ile ayrılırlar.
Türkiye, kuzeydoğuda Rusya,doğuda İran, güneydoğuda Irak, güneyde Süriye, batıda Yunanistan ve kuzeybatıda Bulgaristan ile komşudur.
Türkiye Cumhuriyetle yönetilir. Yetmiş alttı tane il merkezi ve çok sayda ilçe ,merkezi vardır. En büyük ili İstanbul'dur. Boğazici Köprüsü de İstanbul'dadır. İki kıtayı birbirine bağlayan bu köprünün uzunluğu bir kilometredir. Yaya olarak bir kıtadan diğerine geçmek ancak on beş dakika sürer.
Türkiye'nin iklimine gelince:
Güney'de hava, hemen hemen her mevsim sıcaktır ve denize girmek mümkündür.Kuzey bölgesi genellikle yağmurludur. Batıda yazın sıcak,kışın yağmur vardır. kar ender olarak yağar. Yağsa bile birkaç gün sonra kalkar. İç ve Doğu Anadolu Bölgeleri dağlık ve yüksektir. Bu nedenl yazın sıcak,kışın soğuk olur"




VOCABULARY/SÖZLÜK


Harita: Map
Çevrilmiş: surrounded by
Kuzey: North
Batı: West
Güney: South 
Doğu: East
Karadeniz: Back Sea 
Akdeniz: Mediterranean Sea
Ege Denizi: Aegean Sea
Kıta: Continent
Kısım: Part,portion 
Boğaz: Channel, Strait
Güneydoğu: Southeast 
Yunanistan: Greece
Suriye: Syria
Yönetmek: To govern
Köprü: Bridge
Mümkün: Possible
Kar: Snow
Ender olarak: Rarely,seldom 
Bu nedenle: For this reason 




                                                GRAMMATICAL NOTES


Let's see now in detail the relative verbs and the object participles formation.

A participle is an adjective which is formed from a verb - and as such it precedes the noun which it describes.
Being a relative participle then it can also serve as a noun and therefore have the personal suffixes and the suffixes of declension added thus forming a relative clause.



RELATIVE VERBS

Participle + Possessive Suffix - Noun - Verb

Look at these examples:

• Oturduğum [Otur-duğ-um] ev budur. - This is the house in which I live.
• En çok sevdiğin [sev-diğ-in ] yemek nedir? - What is the food that you like best?
• Yazdığı [Yaz-dığ-ı] mektubu aldım. - I have received the letter that he wrote.
• Geldiğimiz [Gel-diğ-imiz] araba çalınmış. - The car in which we came has been stolen, they say.
• Beğendiğiniz [Beğen-diğ-iniz] kumaşı bulamadım. - I could not find the material that you liked.
• Yaptıkları [Yap-tık-ları] iyiliği unutamayacağım. - I shall not be able to forget the kindness that they have shown.

This participle, which is used for present as well as past time, is identical with the first person plural of the past definite tense, but a possessive suffix (for person) is added to make it equivalent to a relative pronoun. The final -k mutates to -ğ before the possessive suffix, except in the plural.

1. Oturduğum ev budur. - This is the house in which I live.
2. Oturduğun ev budur. - This is the house in which you live.
3. Oturduğu ev budur. - This is the house in which he lives.
4. Oturduğumuz ev budur. - This is the house in which we live.
5. Oturduğunuz ev budur. - This is the house in which you live.
6. Oturdukları ev budur. - This is the house in which they live.

We already know that adjectives can stand in place of nouns in Turkish, so if we take a further example, showing how this happens:
Ahmet, söylediğim cevabı beğenmemiş - Ahmet seemed not to like the answer that I spoke. - here the participle - söylediğim - that which I spoke - is used as an adjective to describe - cevap - answer (which is in the objective case - cevabı, as an object of the final verb - beğenmemiş - not to like (apparently)
However we can make the relative adjective into a noun (a relative pronoun) and put this replacing noun into the objective case:
Ahmet, söylediğimi beğenmemiş - Mehmet seemed not to like what I said.

The Participle used as a Noun

Let us give some examples in all persons ( all these relative pronouns are in the objective case as a direct object of the verb - beğenmemiş:

1. Ahmet, söylediğimi beğenmemiş - Ahmet did not like what I said.
2. Ahmet, söylediğini beğenmemiş - Ahmet did not like what you said.
3. Ahmet, söylediği beğenmemiş - Ahmet did not like what he said.
4. Ahmet, söylediğimizi beğenmemiş - Ahmet did not like what we said.
5. Ahmet, söylediğinizi beğenmemiş - Ahmet did not like what you said.
6. Ahmet, söylediklerini beğenmemiş - Ahmet did not like what they said.

Object Participle Formation

The -mek or -mak is dropped from the Infinitive of the Verb and is replaced by the suffix -dik - which is subject to vowel harmony.

The E-Dotted Vowels

gelmek - to come becomes geldik - that came/that which is coming
gülmek - to laugh becomes güldük - that laughed/that which laughs

The A-UnDotted Vowels

bakmak - to look becomes baktık - that looked at/that which looks at
okumak - to exit becomes okuduk - that read
Generally this participle is not used in its pure form as above but is always personalized. This participle just happens to be the same as the 1st Person Plural of the Simple Past Definite Tense - (with suffix -dik/-tik or -dık/-tık or -duk/-tuk or -dük/-tük according to Vowel Harmony and Consonant Mutation Rules) - but as it seldom used in its pure form then it is not possible to mistake it. Also being a Participle [a Verbal Adjective], it describes a noun so therefore it precedes its noun, and as it is not a verb then it does not stand last in final position in the sentence. From this is becomes easier to recognize it as a verbal adjective by its position in any sentence.

Object Participle Usage

This -dik suffix is often difficult to recognize as it has so many forms due to Vowel Harmony operating in its internal vowel, and Consonant Mutation operating on both the initial -d and the terminal -k
The -dik, -duk, -dık, -dük - Participle is subject to both Vowel Harmony and Consonant Mutation Rules.
So you can find -tik, -tuk, -tık, -tük. If a further suffix with a vowel is added the the final -k is also subject to Consonant Mutation: -diği, -duğu, -dığı, -düğü or -tiği, -tuğu, -tığı, -tüğü

Examples

bulmak - to find - Bulduğum şapka - The hat which I found.
seçmek - to choose - Seçtiğin kitap - The book that you are choosing/chose
görmek - to see - Gördüğü araba - The car that he sees/saw
yazmak - to write - Yazdığımız mektup - The letter that we are writing/that we wrote
demek - to say - Dediğiniz gibi - Like (what) you say/said
sevmek - to like - Sevdikleri dondurma - The ice cream that they liked.
Bulduğum mendil beyazdır - The handkerchief that I found is white.
Yazdığımız mektuplar buradadır - The letters that we wrote are here.
Çalıştığım büro (ofis) kapalı - The office where I work is closed/ The office where I worked is closed.
Söyledikleri mantıklıdır - What they are saying/said is/was sensible.

Participle examples

Relative Object Participles - showing English Object Participle - Past and Present tenses

1. Doğduğum şehri ziyaret ettim
I visited the city where I was born.
2. Bana verdiğin parayı kaybettim
I have lost the money that you gave me.
3. Bu pencereden gördüğünüz evler çok iyi yapılmıştır
The houses (which/that) you see from this window are very well built.
4. Erkek kardeşimin binmiş olduğu bisiklet bir ağacın yanında duruyordu
The bicycle (which/that) my brother had been riding was standing near a tree.
5. İlk karşılaştığımız yeri hatırlıyor musun?
Do you remember the place where we first met?
6. Benim ofisimde gördüğün adam arkadaşımın babası idi
The man (whom/that) you saw in my office was the father of my friend.

Future Objective Participle

This Participle in its simple consists of the verb stem with the addition of the Future Tense Sign -ecek or -acak. The -mek or -mak is dropped from the Infinitive of the Verb and is replaced by the suffix -ecek - which is subject to vowel harmony.
gelmek - to come - gelecek - that will come
gülmek - to laugh - gülecek - that will laugh
bakmak - to look - bakacak - that will look
çıkmak - to exit - çıkacak - that will go out
This -ecek/-acak future participle can be used in its pure form and also personalized. This participle just happens to be the same as the 3rd person singular of the Future Tense but it is not possible to mistake it , as being an adjective it is never last in the sentence - but usually modifies a noun.
Yarınki yapacağım iş önemli - The work that I will do tomorrow is (will be) important
Yapılabilecek bir sey yok (yap -il -ebil -ecek) - There is nothing (from a future aspect) that can be done

Subject Participle -en/-an

A participle is an adjective so it describes a noun and therefore always precedes the noun (or noun phrase) that it describes, so the subject participle describes or signifies the person/thing who is doing something.., i.e. the subject of the sentence:
Çalan zil- The bell which is ringing.. This description itself can be an Object of another verb:
Çalan zili duyabilirim - I can hear the bell which is ringing.
Çalan zili duyabilirdim - I could hear the bell which was ringing.
The passive of çalmak is çalınmak. so the above sentence in the Passive is:
Çalınan zili duyabilirim - I can hear the bell that is being rung.
Çalınan zili duyabilirdim - I could hear the bell that was being rung.
We can also see from the above examples that the -an/-en Subject Participle, being an adjective, does not show the tense. The tense is taken from the main verb at the end of the sentence.


In the nex lesson we will see other participle patterns.


TRY TO MEMORIZE THESE CONSTRUCTION AS BETTER AS YOU CAN!!!